Mughal emperor akbar showed respect for religious diversity

Mughal emperor akbar showed respect for religious diversity – Jalal ud-Din Muhammad Akbar, also known as Akbar the Great, ascended the throne at the age of 13 in 1556. Akbar was considered to be the greatest ruler because he conquered more than half of the subcontinent (present-day Kashmir, Afghanistan, India, and Pakistan). As a child, literacy and education never attracted him, he was rather interested in martial arts, military education, swordsmanship, and horse riding. Bairam Khan, a military commander who was a considerable influence on Akbar, helped young Akbar to administer the Mughal empire efficiently.

At the age of 9, Akbar became the governor of Ghazni. Pic Jalal ud-Din Muhammad Akbar Mughal Empire bia Akbar’s Effort for Administration Akbar was a brilliant warrior who never lost any bat i. North India In 1556, the second battle of Panipat was fought between Akbar and a Hindu minister, Hemu, who rebelled against the Mughal empire and declared himself the king of Delhi and Agra.

On the battlefield, Bairam Khan hit an arrow in Hemu’s eye and captured him. His action helped to suppress conspiracies of Afghans against the Mughals After 6 months he captured Lahore and Multan by defeating Sher Shah Suri. In 1558, he captured Ajmer. Akbar’s army then regained the lost territory of Gwalior.) Central India In 1559, Akbar conquered Malwa. In 1560, he terminated Bairam Khan from the post and sent him to Makkah. Akbar followed the advice of his commander-general Bairam Khan, his foster mother, and his son Adham Khan, Adham Khan tried to weaken Akbar, and Mewat, Ajmer and Nagor had already been part of the Mughal empire. Akbar decided to take Rajputana into his kingdom. In 1561, Akbar fought many battles against Mewat and Nagor.

In 1568, Akbar conquered the Chittor Fort in Mewar (Rajasthan), a state ruled by a Hindu Raja Udai Singh, and moved to Gujarat. In 1562, Akbar started the expansion of his empire. First, he captured Amber (Jaipur in Rajasthan) ruled by Bihari Mal. Until 1567 Akbar conquered almost all territories of Rajputana except a few. Akbar moved to conquer Gujarat and Bengal. In 1572, he occupied Gujarat in his second attempt, and Patna in 1574) Akbar fought a battle, and thus Bengal became part of his empire. Later, Orissa was annexed to the Mughal Empire. iii. Rajputana iv. Gujarat and Eastern India Long R v. Afghanistan and Central Asia In 1581, Kabul was seized and conquered by Akbar.

But after his departure, his stepbrother, Mirza Hakim took control of Kabul. He died after four years and Akbar regained his lost territory in 1585) Afghans were ruling different parts of Balochistan. Akbar attacked Sibi where Afghanis had a stronghold and defeated them. In 1595, Balochistan was annexed to the Mughal Empire.) Qandahar (the kingdom of Gandhara) was ruled by Persian rulers. In 1595, Akbar took charge of Qandahar and made it part of the Mughal empire.

In Deccan, the Bahmani kingdom was divided into five independent states. Akbar first captured Ahmad Nagar and Khandesh’s kingdoms in 1600. It took a long period of five years to defeat Chand Bibi in Ahmed Nagar. In 1601, Berar and Khandesh were also annexed to the Mughal empire. It was the last victory of Akbar’s life.

Akbar’s Administrative Measures and Reforms

Akbar was a wise administrator who made plans to conquer the lost states and consolidate the empire. His plans were made effective considering Hindu religious systems in the subcontinent. i. Administrative Reforms Akbar wanted extreme power in the kingdom including the control of the judiciary, and military. religion and civil life) No decisions could be made without his approval ii. Government Hierarchy 7 his second his Akbar’s central administration had four main departments. Each department had a minister, a prime minister called Wakil, a finance minister called Divan or Wazir, a paymaster called Mir Bakhshi, and a chief justice and religious official called Sadr As-sudur.

The state was further divided into 15 provinces called subahs. In each province, there was a divan who was governor, a bakhshi who was a military commander, a Sadr who was a religious administrator and a Qadi-who was a judge and a moderator-used to convey information to the central government. The provinces were also further divided into districts called sarkars. Each sarkar had a faujdar who was a military officer to communicate with the collector. A qadi was the head of the judiciary.

A kotwal had the responsibility to look after the sanitation system, the police, and the administration. A bitikchi was the head clerk. The treasurer was jji. Mansabdari System ((The old feudal system was replaced with the new mansabdari system of government officials, both civilian and military) Thousands of people were employed as mansabdars in military troops and civil departments.

Almost five thousand mansabs were assigned to the loyal to the throne) These mansabs helped Akbar in his expeditions. The old system of paying salaries in the form of land (jagir) was abolished. The royal treasury was bound to pay in cash only iv. Religious Policy Akbar introduced comprehensive reforms to the religious policy which were as follows: • (Child marriage was strongly condemned and banned in the empire Widow management was promoted against the Hindu custom of sati.

Special days were selected when women could go shopping. ✔There was no state religion. The old ban on building temples was lifted and Hindus could build their temples. Hindu-Muslim harmony was promoted and a new religion called Deen-e llahi was introduced in the subcontinent. Nauroz, a new-year festival, was introduced. Animal sacrifice was discouraged. v. Rajput Plans Rajputs rebelled multiple times in Akbar’s reign and others conspired against the Mughal empire.

They were in the majority and did not have good feelings about the Muslim rule. Akbar wanted to gain power all over India and he did not favour non-participation of other faiths. To expand his empire and end the rebellion, he married a Rajput princess and gave high positions to Rajputs in his court. He made the following reforms for Hindu Rajputs: Baba Gras the sole ruler After the d the throne as le Akbar because died in infancy. Jahangir was c history, botany Turash, Arabic Salih was intell the phrase ad so anybody cou Jagirdars perso religious center administration Culture